Methods
Our methods
Every study is supported by a defined panel of complementary assays covering kidney function, injury, and tissue pathology. The specific assays included in each study are selected based on the scientific objectives and study design.
How we analyze data
We use complementary readouts across three main areas: plasma and urine biomarkers, tissue-based analyses, and in vivo assessment of kidney function.
Plasma and urine biomarkers
- BUN, creatinine and cystatin C
- Albumin-creatinine ratio (uACR), NGAL and Kim-1
- Luminex® assays and Olink® proteomics
Tissue analysis
- Histology (HE, PAS and Sirius red) with AI-assisted assessment
- Immunohistochemistry, multiplex immunofluorescence and RNAscope® in situ hybridization (ISH)
- Electron microscopy and Magnephy® super-resolved 3D imaging
- Bulk- and single nuclei RNA sequencing, 10x® spatial transcriptomics
In vivo analysis
- MediBeacon® transdermal GFR system
- Resazurin tubular function assay
- CODA® noninvasive blood pressure system
- In vivo imaging (IVIS®, μCT, PET/MRI, MPI and ultrasound)
Planning a preclinical kidney study?
Tell us about your compound and your target indication, and we will propose a panel of readouts that fits your programme.